Light quality and intensity modulation on yield and quality on crops grown in vertical farms

The yield and quality of crops in vertical farms are related to the quality and quantity of light. Light quality affects crop morphology and composition. The loss of specific spectral bands in certain crops can modify the normal growth of leaves, which can compromise the visual appearance of the produce. An increase in specific parts of the spectrum, such as UVA, UV-B, or blue light, can induce the stimulation of secondary metabolism with an increase in phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and carotenoids. The blue:red (B:R) ratio is also very important for plant growth and development. The B:R ratio also has an impact on energy consumption; usually, R is higher than B. Besides the quality, it is important that the intensity directly influences photosynthesis, biomass accumulation, and nutrient assimilation, such as nitrogen, which affects nitrate accumulation. The intensity of the blue and red bands influences crop performance. Specific light intensity modulation within the photoperiod can affect crop yield and energy-use efficiency. LED technology allows the supply of light intensity and quality based on crop requirements. Specific recipes can be provided for each crop. The possibility of light spectrum change can allow the accumulation of bioactive compounds in crops enhancing their nutritional quality.