Barley's inability to germinate after submergence depends on hypoxia-induced secondary dormancy

: Global climate change has dramatically increased flooding events, which have a strong impact on crop production. Barley is one of the most important cereals and its cultivation includes a broad range of different environments. We tested the capacity to germinate of a large barley panel after a short period of submergence followed by a recovery phase. We demonstrated that sensitive barley varieties activate underwater secondary dormancy because of a lower permeability to oxygen dissolved in water. In sensitive barley accessions, secondary dormancy is removed by nitric oxide donors. Our genome wide association study results uncovered a laccase gene located in a region of significant marker-trait association that is differently regulated during grain development and plays a key role in this process. We believe that our findings will help to improve the genetics of barley thereby increasing the capacity of seeds to germinate after a short period of flooding.