Potential biofortification strategies to enhance the concentration of micronutrients and nutraceuticals in cereals are presented and discussed. These strategies include: i) select for genotypes with high micronutrient use efficiency, ii) field application of micronutrients as chemical fertilizers, iii) utilization of rhizosphere microorganisms. Results from field experiments demonstrated that Fe and Zn concentration in wheat grain can be increased from 11 to 27.7 mg Fe kg-1 and from 11 to 15.7 mg Zn kg-1 by variety choice (Pellegrino et al., 2015). Similarly, total polyphenols and total flavonoids can be increased from 23 to 37 μmol GAE g-1 and from 1.1 to 1.9 μmol CE g-1, respectively. Field foliar Fe and Zn biofortification increased concentration and bioavailability of Fe and Zn in the wholemeal flour of bread wheat. Increases ranged from 15 to 71% for Fe and from 13 to 80% for Zn in the tested varieties (Ciccolini et al., 2017). Wholemeal flour had higher Fe, Zn concentration and health-promoting compounds compared to white flour. Bread making slightly changed Fe and Zn concentration but greatly increased their bioavailability (77 and 70%, respectively). A recent meta-analysis studying the responses of wheat to AMF field inoculation indicated increases in yield (20%), N content (31%) and Zn concentration (12.8%) in grain and a positive correlation between AMF root colonization rate and grain yield and Zn concentration (Pellegrino et al. 2015). These results were confirmed by field experiments showing increases due to inoculation ranging from 12% to 119% for Fe and effects ranging from -20% to +122% for Zn according to bread wheat variety (Ercoli et al., 2017). AMF inoculation also affected health-promoting compounds in grain but the effect varied according to the variety. Antioxidant activity was increased (4.2-19%) in five varieties and decreased in two varieties (10-17%), whereas lipoic acid was increased (14-203%) in six varieties and decreased (28%) in one variety. All these results are of great support for developing a production chain of bread enriched with health-promoting compounds and bioavailable minerals and with potential protective role against chronic cardio-vascular diseases.
La biofortificazione in Toscana: aspetti nutrizionali e nutraceutici su vecchi genotipi di frumento e trasferibilità al pane (Biofortification in Tuscany: nutritional and nutraceutical aspects of old wheat genotypes and transferability to bread) Laura Ercoli e Elisa Pellegrino, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna Riassunto Vengono presentate e discusse le potenziali strategie di biofortificazione per migliorare la concentrazione di micronutrienti e nutraceutici nei cereali. Queste strategie includono: i) selezionare genotipi con elevata efficienza d'uso dei micronutrienti, ii) applicazione in campo di microelementi come fertilizzanti chimici, iii) utilizzo di microrganismi rizosferici. I risultati di esperimenti sul campo hanno dimostrato che la concentrazione di Fe e Zn nella granella di frumento tenero può essere aumentata da 11 a 27,7 mg di Fe kg-1 e da 11 a 15,7 mg di Zn kg-1 attraverso la scelta varietale (Pellegrino et al., 2015). Analogamente, i polifenoli totali e i flavonoidi totali possono essere aumentati rispettivamente da 23 a 37 μmol di GAE g-1 e da 1,1 a 1,9 μmol di CE g-1. La biofortificazione fogliare di Fe e Zn durante la coltivazione ha aumentato la concentrazione e la biodisponibilità di Fe e Zn nella farina integrale di frumento tenero. Gli aumenti nelle varietà testate variavano dal 15 al 71% per il Fe e dal 13 all'80% per lo Zn (Ciccolini et al., 2017). La farina integrale aveva una concentrazione più elevata di Fe, Zn e composti nutraceutici rispetto alla farina bianca. La trasformazione in pane ha modificato leggermente la concentrazione di Fe e Zn ma ha notevolmente aumentato la loro biodisponibilità (rispettivamente +77 e +70%). Una recente meta-analisi condotta per sintetizzare le risposte dell'inoculo con AMF al frumento ha indicato aumenti della produzione di granella (20%), del contenuto di N (31%) e della concentrazione di Zn (13%) nella granella e una correlazione positiva tra il tasso di colonizzazione delle radici da parte di AMF e la produzione e concentrazione di Zn nella granella (Pellegrino et al., 2015). Questi risultati sono stati confermati da esperimenti in campo che hanno mostrato aumenti dovuti all'inoculazione che vanno dal 12% al 119% per Fe ed effetti che vanno da -20% a + 122% per Zn in dipendenza della varietà di frumento tenero utilizzata (Ercoli et al., 2017). L'inoculazione con AMF ha influito anche sui composti che promuovono la salute nei cereali, con effetti variabili in relazione alla varietà. L'attività antiossidante è aumentata (4-19%) in cinque varietà e diminuita in due varietà (10-17%), mentre l'acido lipoico è aumentato (14-203%) in sei varietà e diminuito (28%) in una varietà. Questi risultati sono di grande supporto per lo sviluppo di una catena produttiva di pane arricchita con composti che promuovono la salute e minerali biodisponibili e con potenziale ruolo protettivo contro le malattie cardiovascolari croniche.
Biofortification in Tuscany: nutritional and nutraceutical aspects of old wheat genotypes and transferability to bread
Laura Ercoli;Elisa Pellegrin
2019-01-01
Abstract
Potential biofortification strategies to enhance the concentration of micronutrients and nutraceuticals in cereals are presented and discussed. These strategies include: i) select for genotypes with high micronutrient use efficiency, ii) field application of micronutrients as chemical fertilizers, iii) utilization of rhizosphere microorganisms. Results from field experiments demonstrated that Fe and Zn concentration in wheat grain can be increased from 11 to 27.7 mg Fe kg-1 and from 11 to 15.7 mg Zn kg-1 by variety choice (Pellegrino et al., 2015). Similarly, total polyphenols and total flavonoids can be increased from 23 to 37 μmol GAE g-1 and from 1.1 to 1.9 μmol CE g-1, respectively. Field foliar Fe and Zn biofortification increased concentration and bioavailability of Fe and Zn in the wholemeal flour of bread wheat. Increases ranged from 15 to 71% for Fe and from 13 to 80% for Zn in the tested varieties (Ciccolini et al., 2017). Wholemeal flour had higher Fe, Zn concentration and health-promoting compounds compared to white flour. Bread making slightly changed Fe and Zn concentration but greatly increased their bioavailability (77 and 70%, respectively). A recent meta-analysis studying the responses of wheat to AMF field inoculation indicated increases in yield (20%), N content (31%) and Zn concentration (12.8%) in grain and a positive correlation between AMF root colonization rate and grain yield and Zn concentration (Pellegrino et al. 2015). These results were confirmed by field experiments showing increases due to inoculation ranging from 12% to 119% for Fe and effects ranging from -20% to +122% for Zn according to bread wheat variety (Ercoli et al., 2017). AMF inoculation also affected health-promoting compounds in grain but the effect varied according to the variety. Antioxidant activity was increased (4.2-19%) in five varieties and decreased in two varieties (10-17%), whereas lipoic acid was increased (14-203%) in six varieties and decreased (28%) in one variety. All these results are of great support for developing a production chain of bread enriched with health-promoting compounds and bioavailable minerals and with potential protective role against chronic cardio-vascular diseases.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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